{"id":20526,"date":"2022-09-07T10:47:00","date_gmt":"2022-09-07T07:47:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/?p=20526"},"modified":"2022-09-06T21:51:39","modified_gmt":"2022-09-06T18:51:39","slug":"%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b2%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%81%d8%b5%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%9f-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/?p=20526","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u061f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0625\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8230;\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<br \/>\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 <br \/>\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0640 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629\u066c \u062c\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646\u066c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u066c \u0628\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u062d\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629\u066c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u066c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u066c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u066c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629\u066c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u066c \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629\u066c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u066c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u066c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u066c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u066c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 (\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627)\u061b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u066c \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0629 &#8220;\u0623\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u066c \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u066c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u066c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u066c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0627\u066c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u066c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0647\u0627\u066c \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647\u066c \u0641\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645.<br \/>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u062d\u0645\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br \/>\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u066c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">A<br \/>&#8211; Achourioti, Theodra and van Lambalgen, Michiel,.(2011), A Formalization of Kant\u2019s Transcendental Logic. The Review of Symbolic Logic. 4:254`290.<br \/>&#8211; Alanenm L., (2003a) Descartes\u2019s Concept of Mind. Harvard University Press.<br \/>&#8211; Alexy, R. (2000), A theory of Constitutional Rights. Oxford University Press.<br \/>&#8211; Arendt, H. (1958), Origins of Totalitarianism, Meridian Book.<br \/>&#8211; Armour, Ellen T. (1999), Deconstruction, Feminist Theory, and the Problem of Difference. University of Chicago. Chicago. <br \/>&#8211; Austin, J.L. (1962), How to Do Things with Words, Oxford University Press, New York.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">B<br \/>&#8211; Bandt, Reinhard. (1991), Die Urteilstafel. Kritik de reinen Vernunft A 67-78; B 92-101. Hamburg: Meiner.<br \/>&#8211; Barnes, J. (1982), The Presocratic Philosophers, Routledge &amp; KeganL Boston. USA. <br \/>&#8211; Beardsmore, R.W., (1971), Art &amp; Morality, Macmillan; London.UK.<br \/>&#8211; Berson, Henri (1964), Creative Mind, Translated by M. L. Andison. Philosophical LibraryL New York. USA.<br \/>&#8211; Beyleveld, D. and Brownsword, R. (2001), Human Dignity in Biothics and Biolaw. Oxford University Press. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Bolzano, Bernard (1851), Pradaoxien des Unendlichen, (Reprint) Wussenschaftlichaft, 1964. Dr. Dernard Bolzano\u2019s Paradoxien des Unendlichen herausgegeben aus dem schriftlichem Nachlasse de Verfassers von Dr Fr. Prihondky, Leipzig, Recjam. (H\u00f6fler et Hahan (Eds.), Leipzig, Meiner, 1920)<br \/>&#8211; Bolzano, Bernard. (1837) Wissenschaftslehre, Sulzbach, Seidel.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">C<br \/>&#8211; Carroll, N., \u2018Art Narrative and Moral Understanding\u2019, in Levinson, J. (ed), Aesthetics and Ethics, (Cambridge: CUP, 1998b).<br \/>&#8211; Claassen, R. (2014), Human Dignity in the capability Approach, in the Cambridge Handbook of Human Dignity. Cambridge University Press. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Clarke, D. M. (2005), Descartes\u2019s Theory of Mind. Oxford University Press.<br \/>&#8211; Coffa, Alberto. (1991), The Semantic tradition fro Kant to Carnap, Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">D<br \/>&#8211; Derrida, Jacques. (1981), Positions, Alan Bass, trans. University of Chicago Press. Chicago.<br \/>&#8211; Derrida, Jacques. (1981), Dissemination, Barbara Johnson, trans. University of Chicage Press. Chicago.<br \/>&#8211; Derrida, Jacques. (1987), The Truth in Painting, Geoff Bennington and Ian McLeod, trans. University of Chicago. Chicago.<br \/>&#8211; Devereaux, M., \u2018Beauty and Evil: the case of Leni Riefenstahl\u2019s Triumph of the Will.\u2019 In J. Levinson (ed). Aesthetics and Ethics, (Cambridge: CUP, 1998).<br \/>&#8211; Diels, Hermann and W. Kranz. (1951), Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 6th ed., Weidmannsche Buchhandlung: Berlin. German.<br \/>&#8211; Duhem, P. (1991\/1954\/1906), The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. Trans. P Wiener, intro. Jules Vuillemin, Princeton: Princeton University Press. <br \/>&#8211; Dummett, Michael (2000), Is Time a Continuum of Instants?, Philosophy, 2000. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">E<br \/>&#8211; Elster, Jon. (1993), Political Psychology. Cambridge University Press.<br \/>&#8211; Elster, Jon. (1999), Alchemies of the Mind. Cambridge University Press.<br \/>&#8211; Ekstrom, Laura Waddell (1999), Free Will: A Philosophical Study. HarperCollins Publishers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">F<br \/>&#8211; Feferman, Solomon (1998), In the Light of Logic, Oxford University Press, New York. <br \/>&#8211; Freeman, Kathleen (1948), Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA. Reprinted in paperback in 1983.<br \/>&#8211; Finns, John. (1980). Aquinas: Moral, Political and Legal Theory. Oxford University Press. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Fine, A. (1996\/1986), The Shaky Game. University of Chicago Press. USA.<br \/>&#8211; Foucault, Michel. (1980), Power\/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writing. Brighton: Harvester, Routledge London. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Foucault, Michel. (1970) The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. Alan Sheridan, trans. New York: Pantheon.<br \/>&#8211; Friedman, M. (1999), Reconsidering Logical Positivism. University of Cambridge Press. Cambridge. UK.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">G<br \/>&#8211; Gilby, Thomas. (1958). The Political Thought of Thomas Aquinas. University of Chicago press. Chicago. USA.<br \/>&#8211; Gadamer, Hans Georg. (1960\/1975), Truth and Method. Sheed and Ward. London. UK.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">H<br \/>&#8211; Habermas, Jurggen (1991), A Reply. Communication Action. Ed. Honneth, Axel and Hans Joas. Cambridge: Polity.<br \/>&#8211; Habermas, Jurggen (1972), Knowledge and Human Interest. Beacon Press. <br \/>&#8211; Hall, Pamela M. (1994). Narrative and Natural Law: an Introduction of Atomistic Ethics. Notre Dame: University of Norte Dame Press.<br \/>&#8211; Heidegger, Martin. (1971),The Origin of Work of Art, in poetry, Language, Thought, Albert Hofstadter, trans. New York. Harper.<br \/>&#8211; Heidegger, Martin. (1962), Being and Time, John Macqurrie and Edward Robinson, trans. New York. Harpper.<br \/>&#8211; Hegel, Georg W. G (1807\/1977) Phenomenology of Spirit. Trans. A. V. Miller. Clarendon Press, Oxford.<br \/>&#8211; Hegel, Georg W. G. (1821\/1991), Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Trans. H.B. Nisbt. Cambridge. CUP. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Hempel, C. G.(1965), Aspects of Scientific Explanation. Free Press. New York. USA.<br \/>&#8211; Hertz, H. (1956), The Principles of Mechanics, Dover: New York. USA.<br \/>&#8211; Horwich, P. (1990) Truth. Oxford: Blackwell. UK.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">I<br \/>&#8211; Inwood, Michael. (1992), A Hegel Dictionary. Blackwell, Oxford. UK.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">J<br \/>&#8211; Jones, Ernest. (1954), Hamlet and Oedipus. New York: Doubleday.<br \/>&#8211; Jones, Peter. (2009), Group Rights. Aldershot: Ashgate.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">K<br \/>&#8211; Kant, Immanuel. (1900), Critique of Pure Reason, Translated by J.M.D. Meiklejohn, Colonial Press: New York. USA.<br \/>&#8211; Kant, Immanuel. (2010), Kant\u2019s gesammelte Schriften. K\u00f6niglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ed.). Berlin: Beimer, Berlin and Leipzig: de Gruyter. Also Kant Werke I-IX, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1968 (Anmerkungen, 2 vols., Berlin: de Gruyter,1977).<br \/>&#8211; Kempsall, M.S. (1999). The Common Good in Late Medieval Political Thought. Oxford University Press. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Keys, Mary M. (2006) Aquinas, Aristotle, and the Promise of the Common Good. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.UK.<br \/>&#8211; Kieran,M., in Defense of the Ethical Evaluation of Art, British Journal of Asthetics, (Vol. 41, Issue 1, 2001).<br \/>&#8211; Kitcher, P. (2001), The Advancement of Science. Oxford University Press. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Kuhn, T.S. (1970\/1962), The Structure of Scientific Revolution. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. USA.<br \/>&#8211; KUKLA, a, (1998), Studies in Scientific Realism. Oxford University Press. Oxford. UK.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">L<br \/>&#8211; Levinson, J. (ed). Aesthetics and Ethics, (Cambridge: CUP, 1998).<br \/>&#8211; Ladyman, J. and D. Ross. (2007), Everything Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized. Oxford University Press. Oxford. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Lloyd, Genevieve. (1984), The Man of Reason: \u201cMale\u201d and \u201cFemale\u201d in Western Philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis. <br \/>&#8211; Lipton, P. (2004\/1991), Inference to the Best Explanation. London: Routledge. UK.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">M<br \/>&#8211; Maritain, Jacques (1951). Man and State. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. USA.<br \/>&#8211; Maritain, Jacques (1947). The Person and the Common Good. Scribner\u2019s New York. USA.<br \/>&#8211; McMullin, E. (1991), Rationality and Theory Change in Science, in P. Horwich (ed). Thomas Kuhn and the Nature of Science. MIR Press. Cambridge.<br \/>&#8211; Miller, R. (1987), Fact and Method. Princeton University Press.<br \/>&#8211; Musgrave, A. (1985), Realism vs Constructive Empiricism, in Churchland and Hooker 1985.<br \/>N<br \/>&#8211; Nemeth, Charles, (2001). Aquinas in the Courtroom: Lawyers, and Judicial Conduct. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. USA.<br \/>&#8211; Norris, C., (1987), Derrida Massachusette: Harvard University Press.<br \/>&#8211; Naaman \u2013Zauderer, N, (2010), Descartes\u2019 Deontological Turn: Reason, Will and Virtue in the Later Writings. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. UK.<br \/>O<br \/>&#8211; O\u2019\u00c7onnor, Timothy (2000), Persons and Causes: The Metaphysics of Free Will. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">P<br \/>&#8211; Poincare\u2019, H. (1913), The Foundations of Science. The Sciences Press: New York. USA.<br \/>&#8211; Porter, Jean. (2004). Nature As Reason: A Thomistic Theory Of The Natural Law. Wm. B. Eerdamans Publishing Company. USA.<br \/>&#8211; Psillos, S.(1991), Scientific Realism. How Science Tracks Truth. Routledge. London . UK.<br \/>&#8211; Posner, R., Against Ethical Criticicm, \u2018Philosophy and Literature, (Vol. 21, 1997).<br \/>&#8211; Putnam, H. (1962). What Theories are Not, in putnam 1975c.<br \/>&#8211; Putnam, H. (1975). Explanation and Reference, in putnam 1975d.<br \/>&#8211; Putnam, H. (1975). The Meaning of Meaning, in putnam 1975d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Q<br \/>&#8211; Quine, W.V. (1960), Word and Object, Cambridge MA: MIT Press.<br \/>&#8211; Quine, W.V. (1969), Ontological Relativity and other Essays. New York: Columbia University Press..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">R<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">&#8211; Rorty, R. (1980), Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton University Press.<br \/>&#8211; Russell, B. (1927), The Analysis of Matter. Routledge, Kegan `Paul: London. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Ryle, G. (1949), The concept of Mind, Barnes and Noble, New York.<br \/>&#8211; Ryle, G. (1953), Dilemmas, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">S<br \/>&#8211; Skyrma, B, (2000), Choice and Chance, 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.<br \/>&#8211; Sebestik, Jan. (1992), Logique et mathematique chez Bernard Bolzano, Paris, Virn. <br \/>&#8211; Silverman, H., (1989), Derrida and Deconstruction, New York, Routledge.<br \/>&#8211; Standford, P.K. (2006), Exceeding our Grasp. Oxford University Press. Oxford. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Szabo, Arpad (1978), The Beginnings of Greek Mathematics, Reidel Publishing Co.: Dordrecht.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">T<br \/>&#8211; Tanney, Paul (1885), Le Concept Scientifiqe du continu: Zenon d\u00c9lee et Georg Cantor, pp 385-410 of Revue Philosophique de la France et de I\u00c9tranqer, vol.20, Les Presses Universitaires de France: Paris.<br \/>&#8211; Tanney, Paul (1887), Pour I\u2019Histoire de la Science Hell\u00e9ne: de Thales a Empedocle, Alcan: Paris 2nd ed. 1930.<br \/>&#8211; Textor, Mark (ed.) (2006) The Austrian Contribution to Analytic Philosophy, Routledge New York. <br \/>&#8211; Thomas, S.N. (1986), Practical Reasoning in Natural Language. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Tolstoy, L., What Is Art? (London: Bristol Classical Press, 1994).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">V<br \/>&#8211; Van Inwagen, Peter (1983), An Essay on Free Will. Clarendon Press. Oxford.<br \/>&#8211; Van Fressssenm B. (1980), The Scientific Image. Clarendon Press. Oxford. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Van Fressssenm B. (2008), The Scientific Representation. Clarendon Press. Oxford. UK.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">W<br \/>&#8211; Walton, D. (1996), Argument Structure: A Pragmatic Theory. University of Toronto Press. Canada.<br \/>&#8211; White, M. J. (1992), The Continuous and the Discrete: Ancient Physical Theories from a Contemporary Perspective, Clarendon Press: Oxford. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Wilson, M. (2006), Wandering Significance. Oxford University Press. Oxford. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Wisdom, John. (1952), Other Mind. Blackwell. Oxford. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Wolf, Robert S. (2005), A Tour Through Mathematical Logic, The Mathematical Association of America: Washington, DC. USA.<br \/>&#8211; Wood, D., (1992), Derrida: A Critical Reader, Blackwell, Oxford. UK.<br \/>&#8211; Wood, D., &amp; Benasconi, R., (1988), Derrida and Difference Evanston: Northwestern University Press<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Y<br \/>&#8211; Young, Iris M. (1990) Justice and the Politics of Difference. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.<br \/>&#8211; Yovel, Yirmiyahu.(1990), Dark Riddle: Hegel, Nietzsche, and the Jews. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Z<br \/>&#8211; Zimmerman, Michael. (1990), Heidegger\u2019s Confrontation with Modernity: Technology, Political, Art. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.<br \/>&#8211; Zammito, John H. (1992), The Genesis of Kant\u2019s Critique of Judgment. University of Chicago. Chicago.<br \/>\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640<br \/>* \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629\u066c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 (\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f)\u066c \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 (&#8230;) \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 ( &#8230;. ) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u066c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u062b\u0631 &#8220;\u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627&#8221;\u066c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0662\u0661 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\/\u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0660. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8230;\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20127,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[14,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-c11-2009-06-01-14-28-43","category-c35-2009-06-01-14-20-24"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/basrayatha.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/101.jpg?fit=450%2C249&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20526","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20526"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20526\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20532,"href":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20526\/revisions\/20532"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/20127"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20526"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20526"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/basrayatha.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20526"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}